Le Chene Et Le Roseau Essays - La Fontaines Fables, Aesops Fables

Le Chene Et Le Roseau Analysis of ?Le Ch?ne Et Le Roseau? ?Le Ch?ne Et Le Roseau,? a poem by Jean de La Fontaine, shows the contrast of the characters while moralizing about hidden strengths that are often overlooked or belittled. In this poem, the oak is personified as having a stubborn sense of strength, while the humble reed is represented as possessing the qualities of endurance, flexibility, and hidden strength. Fontaine teaches the reader his lesson through the use of nature by having the oak and the reed converse about their strengths. In the end the reed proves his point when the north wind uproots the oak, leaving it to die. The theme of ?Le Ch?ne Et Le Roseau? is a universal one, easily recognized and understood by all. The poem's central idea is that strength is not necessarily size and power, but in adaptability, endurance, and flexibility. Fontaine illustrates the theme well in these lines: ?L'arbre tient bon; le roseau plie. Le vent redouble ses efforts, et fait si bien qu'il d?racine celui...? The poet further develops the theme with a moral which implies that humility is more important than pride. Fontaine places most emphasis on idea to help develop this moral. In the end, the pompous oak's strength is his weakness, while the humble reed's suppleness is his fortitude. Jean de La Fontaine develops well the poem's mood, one of pity, compassion, and respect, through sensory images and descriptions of the characters. These lines: ?Un roitelet pour vous est un pesant fardeau; ? and ?Le moindre vent qui d'aventure fait rider la face de l'eau, vous oblige ? baisser la t?te; ?, as well as ?La nature vous me semble bien injuste.? illustrate the sentimental atmosphere of pity that the reader feels for the reed's struggle against relatively small difficulties. Although Fontaine succeeds in creating this sympathetic mood, this line: ?Vous avez bien sujet d'accuser la nature; ? detracts from the intended mood because one does not feel sorry for someone that accuses and complains. Jean de La Fontaine uses examples of personification, imagery, similes, allusions, and symbolism to create a deeper meaning of the poem and to the emphasize the theme. ?Le ch?ne un jour dit au roseau:? is an example of personification that Fontaine uses throughout the poem. He personifies the oak and the reed as humans having a conversation. These lines: ?Le moindre vent qui d'aventure fait rider la face de l'eau, vous oblige ? baisser la t?te; ? show imagery and personification. The image that Fontaine creates, the rippling of the water, is one that the reader can visualize, while the lowering of the head represents a person bowing his head. This line: ?Cependant que mon front, au Caucase pareil,? contains a simile and an allusion. The simile is the comparison of the forehead to the Caucasus Mountains, while the allusion is the Greek mythology's Caucasus Mountains, which represent strength, fortitude, and perhaps danger. ?Des royaumes du vent? is an allusion to the kingdom of the Gr eek wind god Aeolus who usually stirred up strong winds. ?L'empire des morts? is also an allusion to the kingdom of Hades, which was the Greek underworld, representing the death of the oak. This poem expresses irony when the reed is troubled by simple burdens, but the reed is able to withstand difficult predicaments. The oak is symbolized as power, pride, and a false sense of strength, while the reed represents endurance, flexibility, and strength from within. Moreover, the wind is pictured as hardships, challenges, and tests. Fontaine uses logical sequence in developing the characters of the oak and the reed. At first, the reader only sees them as trees, but he soon learns through the oak that the reed appears weak and defenseless, and that the strong oak wishes to shelter and protect the reed. The reader next learns that the reed is confident and not afraid of impending dangers, because he bends and does not break. Then the terrible winds come and uproot the oak, while the small reed survives. Thus, the reader understands that size is not as important as flexibility. Fontaine writes ?Le Ch?ne Et Le Roseau? as a narrative, didactic, and descriptive poem with an irregular number of syllables.

Perception and environment essays

Perception and environment essays The environment surrounding a situation effects every decision made in that situation. How a person perceives these factors is, what in essence makes an individual unique. As a whole a society, by definition, shares many viewpoints. Websters Unabridged Dictionary defines art as an expression of feeling. If one were to look at the artwork of certain time periods, they would note, general similarities. Therefore many pieces of art, of the same time period, will share many of the same elements. Examining these elements can enhance the awareness of events in history. 1960s there were many social actions to which attacked what was to be socially accepted in America. Along with many youth movement, there was a large movement for womens rights. As a result of this womens activisms movement, divorce became much more socially accepted. Therefore divorce was a topic of artwork. John Updikes short story Separating and the Fairfield Porters painting A Day Indoors both contain a comm on theme of separation and separateness. (Lit Book 743) Updike finishes the story with the question, why. This question causes one to think. Why is the family so complacent with the separation? Why is the son the only questioning? Porters painting cause the observer to do the same. One might ask, why is the family sitting together, when they are so secluded. Why is the fireplace burning when it seem like a nice day out the window. One can see many characteristics of the John Updike in Separating. He was married at a young age, like Richard, and also separated after twenty-one years similar to the Maples. Updike finally after a short separation received the first no-fault divorce instated in Massachusetts (Hennings) Similarly, one can see Fairfield Porter in his painting. Porters family, he said in an interview,...

How I lead Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

How I lead - Essay Example In any complicated situation, I believe that directed actions and insightful discussion of the issue can lead to productive solution acceptable by all group members. If any conflict takes place in my family, I motivate others to share their opinions about solutions in order to develop a shared vision of the problem. Such strategy makes people collaborate and the problem disappears quickly. In this way, I develop my communication, team building and delegating skills. For instance, my father could not come to the common ground with my uncle and it caused many inconveniences for other family members. I had neutral relationships with my uncle, so I was able to communicate with him in friendly terms. I explained that even though my father seemed to be angry, he was not intended to do anything bad to my uncle. That talk with my uncle was productive because he changed his position and attitude towards my father. In this way, I took a decisive part in the solution of this conflict because I was the only person who managed to make my relatives listed to each other and compromise. I applied delegating skills to reach my main objective and resolve the conflict between the relatives. I apply the same strategy of a â€Å"peacemaker† in communication with my friends. In any critical situation I prefer to slow down everyone and discuss the emerging problem. I am a people-oriented leader; I stress the importance of relationships and friendly atmosphere most of all. In team work good and respectful relationships predetermine success. I have noticed that such personal qualities as selfishness or stubbornness lead to decreased effectives in anything people do together. If people do not wish to communicate or compromise, they usually fail to do anything together. In this respect, I am convinced that communication must be treated as the main factor in leading. Verbal communication is

Honoring Patient Autonomy at End-of-life decisions Thesis

Honoring Patient Autonomy at End-of-life decisions - Thesis Example Thus respect of patient autonomy is based on the informed consent. It therefore follows that where a patient is competent to make a medical decision, it is unethical and unlawful to commence treatment without first informing the patient of the benefits and detriments of the treatment and allowing the patient to determine whether or not he or she wishes to receive the treatment (Harris, 11). In end-of-life situations however, it can be especially difficult for the patient to assess the possible outcomes associated with receiving or not receiving specific medical attention. At the same time, medical practitioners are also confronting conflicts between the duty to save lives and the duty to respect patient autonomy. Moreover, family members often intervene attempting to make the decision for a loved-one who is facing imminent death. This paper examines the literature and the law relative to patient autonomy with a view to identifying how medical practitioners should resolve these challenges and tensions in favour of respecting patient autonomy. Implications for practice and policies will be discussed with a view to strengthening the protection of patients’ right to autonomy. A narrow definition of patient autonomy describes the concept as the patient’s right to determine whether or not he or she will receive a certain recommended medical treatment or whether or not he or she will decline it. The liberal individualist interpretation defines patient autonomy as the patient’s right to â€Å"act intentionally, with understanding, and without controlling influences† (Stiggelbout, Molewijk, Otten, Timmermans, Bockel, and Kievit, 269). Thus the medical practitioner has a responsibility to help the patient understand the pros and cons of accepting or declining medical treatment. At the same time, discharging this responsibility requires

Scientific Management was the product of 19th Century industrial Essay - 1

Scientific Management was the product of 19th Century industrial practices and has no relevance to the present day. Discuss - Essay Example 7). Thus, work needs to become as organised and productive as it possibly can, due to the numerous people involved in it, and division of labour must be assigned properly in order to bring out the best results. However, it was not until the beginning of the 20th century when such needs were attended to. One of the earliest guiding principles that sprang out from the need for workers to become as productive as possible while helping the employer save money is by implementing new strategies that were scientifically-made and can be tested using scientific methods. This kind of workplace management known as is Scientific Management, was developed by Frederick Taylor around the turn of the 20th century in order to advance the methods used in work and make even workers of any skill level to become even more productive (Taylor, 1939, p. 280). While it was a big step in moving from highly-traditional work and management methods to a much more modern and scientific one, its beginnings were ne vertheless controversial, and may even have reversed its original aims (Watson, 2008, p. 31). Also, Scientific Management is seen as one of the earliest blueprints of modernisation and automation of work, yet by somewhat dehumanising the workers and leaning towards the removal of jobs altogether like in automation of factories, and in a way cancels out one of its aims: making human workers even more efficient (Watson, 2008, p. 32). These, among many reasons were the cause of the abandonment of the use of scientific management, as well as deriving new ideas and disciplines out of it. Thus the evolution of the scientific management as the result of 19th century industrial practices may have no relevance to the present day needs of work places and organisations due to the changed needs, strategies and goals of management. Foundations and Goals of Scientific Management Frederick Taylor is the person credited for the creation of the principles of Scientific Management, which went out in public around the year 1911. He was able to come up with the ideas for changing traditional work methods into modernised and simplified actions that do not need additional efforts in skill-building, as opposed to craftsmen undergoing apprenticeship to learn the ropes (Pitsis, Clegg, and Kornberger, 2011, p. 25). Goals that aim for work and management simplification were made for the successful establishment of the principles of scientific management, and are enumerated as follows: Firstly, the old rule-of-thumb in the methods being used at work are replaced by scientifically-proven methods that bypass older ones, making the work a lot easier to finish and eventually increases overall output by workers (Taylor, 1939, p. 280; Watson, 2008, p. 32); Second, the most skilled or capable of the workforce are trained scientifically in learning, as well as teaching and developing the newer and better methods of work, as well as standardising these methods among all of the workforce to improv e their efficiency (Taylor, 1939, p. 280); Thirdly, there is tight cooperation and coordination between the trainers or the management and the workforce in making sure that the principles are properly adhered to at all times; and (Taylor, 1939, p. 280) By doing the abovementioned principles, there would be an equal sharing of labour and

Factors Affecting Wheat Growth And Yield Environmental Sciences Essay

Factors Affecting Wheat Growth And Yield Environmental Sciences Essay Continuous use of inorganic fertilizers affects the soil structure and cause environmental pollutions. Sustainable  agriculture  is one that produces abundant food without depleting the earths resources or polluting its environment. Organic farming provides several benefits to the growers. It reduces production cost and it is an environmentally friendly method of cultivation. Addition of organic fertilizers improves soil structure and enhances activities of useful soil organisms. Agricultural commodities resulted from organic cultivation are good for human health. Organic farming system includes semi organic farming system (low external input) as one alternative for sustainable agriculture. This study will be conducted to evaluate the growth and yield of wheat as affected by integrated nutrients (Organic FYM + Inorganic NPK) and drought stress. In the experiment wheat cultivar (sehar-2006) will be sown in field plots. Treatments included 50% FYM + 50% Inorganic (NPK); 75% FYM + 2 5% Inorganic (NPK); 100% FYM; 100% Inorganic (NPK) will be applied. The field plots maintained at 25mm, 50mm and 75mm water deficit; while recommended dose of both organic and inorganic nutrients applied will be maintained as control. The experiment will be conducted following randomized complete block design with split plot arrangement and three replications. During the course of investigation, observations on stand establishment, morphological traits, yield related traits will be recorded following standard procedures. Data will be analyzed by analysis of variance technique using the computer statistical program MSTAT-C. Agriculture remains the key sector for the economic development for most developing countries. It is critically important for ensuring food security, alleviating poverty and conserving the vital natural resources that the worlds present and future generations will be entirely dependent upon for their survival and well-being (Rothschild, 1998). Use of chemical fertilizers alone does not sustain productivity under continuous intensive cropping, whereas inclusion of organic materials improves physical soil properties (Benbi et al., 1998), builds up soil fertility and increases crop yield (Yaduvanshi, 2003). Continuous usage of inorganic fertilizer affects soil structure. Hence, organic manures can serve as alternative to mineral fertilizers as reported by Naeem et al. (2006) for improving soil structure (Dauda et al., 2008) and microbial biomass (Suresh et al., 2004). Wheat (Triticum aestivum) is one of the most important cereal crops; about 21% of the worlds food depends on the wheat crop, which grows on 200 million hectares of farmland worldwide (http://www.fao.org). The synthetic fertilizers are harmful for soil and aerial environment, because the inorganic fertilizers mainly contain major nutrients NPK in large quantities and are neglecting the use of organic manures and biofertilizers and hence have paved the way for deterioration of soil health and in turn ill-effects on plants, human being and livestock (Choudhry, 2005). Most of the soil applied fertilizers (nitrogenous), leach down below the root zone or into the ground water, which pollute the ground water causing diseases mainly Methemoglobinemia (Choudhry, 2005). As the world water supply is declining, drought is also threatening the world food security. Drought-induced yield losses perhaps exceed the loss from all other causes, as both severity and duration of stress are critical (Farooq et al., 2009a). Drought stress reduces crop growth rate and yield regardless of the growth stage at which it occurs in arable crops (Siddique et al., 2000; Atteya, 2003). The efficient and sustainable cycling of nutrients in an agro-ecosystem can improve crop performance, but achieving this goal is an important challenge for modern agriculture (Cassman, 1999). In order to develop the high intensive agriculture, more chemical fertilizers are applied to the soil that results in soil degeneration and environment deterioration. Application of organic manure combined with chemical fertilizer is an important approach to maintaining and improving the soil fertility, and increasing fertilizer use efficiency. Hence it is very useful to study the effect of application of organic manure combined with chemical fertilizer on the nutrient absorption, soil fertility change, and reduction of fertilizer loss, which have been the research focuses all over the world (Reganold, 1995; Conacher J and Conacher A, 1998; Liu et al., 1996). Application of organic manure combined with chemical fertilizer could maintain the soil nutrients balance amend soil physical and chemical properties, increase the soil organic matter and nutrient availability, decrease fertilizer loss rate, and then enhance soil fertility and ecosystem productivity (Conacher J and Conacher A, 1998; Zhou and Yang, 1992; He and Wang, 1989). Though role of farmyard manure integrated with inorganic fertilizers under drought stress condition in wheat need to be explored according to present need of sustainable farming system. It is hypothesized that integrated nutrients application of farmyard manure and inorganic nutrients may help improve resistance in wheat against drought and increase yield. V. REVIEW OF LITERATURE Cereals are an important dietary protein source throughout the world, because they constitute the main protein and energy supply in most countries (Bos et al., 2005). Wheat is one of the major cereal crops with a unique protein, which is consumed by humans and is grown around the world in diverse environments. Wheat is the worlds second most important cereal crop and an important component of the human diet, particularly in developing countries (Salekdeh Komatsu, 2007). The use of chemical fertilizers has been increased worldwide for cereal production (Abril et al., 2007) due to availability of inexpensive fertilizers (Graham and Vance, 2000). The continued use of chemical fertilizers causes health and environmental hazards such as ground and surface water pollution by nitrate leaching (Pimentel, 1996). So, reducing the amount of nitrogen fertilizers applied to the field without a nitrogen deficiency will be the main challenge in field management. The primary function of soil productivity and fertility restoration through fallow is less effective since intensive cropping is now more common. The use of inorganic fertilizers alone has not been helpful under intensive agriculture because it aggravates soil degradation (Sharma and Mittra, 1991. It is well known that soil fertility is usually re ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ected by the status of soil nutrients and water together in an integrated system (Zheng et al., 2002). The quantity of soil organic matter depends on the quantity of organic material which can be introduced into the soil either by natural returns through roots, stubbles, sloughed-off root nodules and root exudates or by artificial application in the form of organic manure which can otherwise be called organic fertilizer (Agboola and Omueti, 1982). In the current scenario of water scarcity, droughts during the main cropping season in tropical and subtropical regions are thought to become more likely in the near future, and will have dangerous effects on human societies (Funk et al., 2008, Lobell et al., 2008). The drop in precipitation of up to 10% in South Asia by 2030, accompanied by decreases in rice and wheat yields of about 5% (Lobell et al., 2008). In a recent meeting at Stanford University, a group of experts including crop scientists from seed companies concluded as part of their recommendations that particularly for managing moisture stress in rain-fed systems, agronomy may well offer even greater potential bene ¬Ã‚ ts than improved crop varieties (Lobell, 2009). De ¬Ã‚ cits of soil water often have substantially negative impacts on the growth and development of major crops such as spring wheat (Lecoeur and Sinclair, 1996; Asseng et al., 1998). However, crop yields are not necessarily decreased with a moderate l evel of water de ¬Ã‚ cit under irrigation conditions (Zhang et al., 1998). Addition of farmyard manure with half the recommended mineral N produced wheat yield similar to that produced by the full recommended dose of mineral N (Ahmad et al., 2002). Cultivation with and without organic and inorganic sources of nutrients applied differently for a long period may have an impact on the regeneration and rejuvenation of soil structure (Sharma and Bhushan, 2001). Increased utilization of organic soil amendments as a nutrient source for plant production would therefore deliver both agronomic and environmental bene ¬Ã‚ ts (Stockdale et al., 2002). Wheat grains have lower protein content (Gooding et al., 1993; Poutala et al., 1994; Woese et al., 1997) and a smaller loaf volume (Dlouhy, 1981) for bread made from organically grown wheat compared with conventionally grown wheat. The application of farmyard manure meets N requirement provides micronutrients and modifies soil physical behavior (Larson and Clapp, 1984) and thus favours wheat production. Moreover, use of farmyard manure not only acts as a source of N and other nutrients but also increases the efficiency of applied nitrogen (Sarvanan et al., 1987). Organic matter determines the fertility and nutrient status of a soil. Most of the tropical and sub-tropical regions including Pakistan are deficient in organic matter. The maintenance of soil organic matter around 2.5 to 3.0 % is desirable for satisfactory crop production. A good soil should have organic matter content of about 2.5% (BARC 1997). Use of judicious combination of organic and inorganic fertilizer is very important for tropical country (Khan et al., 1986) like Pakistan; this will ultimately economize fertilizer use and maintain soil productivity and grain quality. Positive effects of organic waste on soil structure, aggregate stability and water holding capacity were reported in several studies (Jedidi et al., 2004; Odlare et al., 2008; Shen and Shen 2001; Wells et al., 2000). Furthermore, organic manure has a high nutritional value, with high concentrations of especially nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, while the contamination by heavy metals and other toxic substances are very low (Asghar et al. 2006). Previous studies showed that the combination of organic manure with chemical fertilizer further enhanced the biomass and grain yield of crops (Sarwar et al., 2007; Sarwar et al., 2008; Cheuk et al., 2003). Furthermore, positive changes have been reported in the quality of wheat flour, because of increasing the amount of gluten after organic manure treatment (Gopinath et al., 2008). The above review concludes that organic nutrients (farmyard manure) integrated with inorganic fertilizers may be employed to increase the yield of wheat and make them ready for future water stress conditions. VI. MATERIALS AND METHODS General details The proposed study will be conducted in Agronomic Research Area, Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. While the analytical work will be done in Agro Climatology lab, Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. The experiment will be laid out in RCBD split plot design with three replications. Well rotten Farm Yard Manure (FYM) will be collected from livestock and dairy Farm, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad while inorganic fertilizer sources Urea , DAP and SOP for Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium respectively will be collected from Agronomy Farm, University of Agriculture. Experiment: Growth and Yield of wheat as affected by different levels of integrated nutrients and irrigation. Seed of wheat cultivar Sehar-2006 will be sown in plots (1.5m x 6m) in open field conditions. At sowing time integrated nutrients 50% FYM + 50% Inorganic (NPK); 75% FYM + 25% Inorganic (NPK); 100% FYM; 100% Inorganic (NPK) will be applied. The plots maintained at 25mm, 50mm and 75mm water deficit, while recommended dose of both organic and inorganic nutrients applied will be maintained as control. The experiment will be finally harvested at maturity. Observations Data on following observations will be recorded during the course of experimentation. A. Stand establishment 1. Time to start germination (days) 2. Germination index 3. Mean germination time (days) 4. Time for 50% germination (days) 5. Final germination percentage (%) B. Morphological traits 1. Plant height (cm) 2. Plant fresh weight (g) 3. Plant dry weight (g) 4. Leaf area (cm2) 5. Number of tillers 6. Total dry matter 7. Crop growth rate (g m-2 d-1) 8. Leaf growth rate (g m-2 d-1) C. Yield related traits 1. Number of fertile tillers 2. Spike length (cm) 3. Number of spikelets per spike 4. Number of grains per spike 5. 100-grains weight (g) 6. Biological yield (g/pot) 7. Grain yield (g/pot) 8. Harvest index (%) Statistical analysis Data collected on all parameters will be analyzed statistically by using Fishers Analysis of Variance Technique and least significantly difference (LSD) test at 5% probability level will be applied to compare the treatments means (Steel et al., 1997) using the computer statistical program MSTATC. VII. REFERENCES Rothschild, M., 1998. The Butterfly Gardeners by Miriam Rothschild and elive farell, Great Britain, pp128-130. Benbi, D.K., Biswas, C.R., Bawa, S.S., Kumar, K., 1998. In ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡uence of farmyard manure, inorganic fertilizers and weed control practices on some soil physical properties in a long-term experiment. Soil Use Mgmt. 14, 52-54. Yaduvanshi, N.P.S., 2003. Substitution of inorganic fertilizers by organicmanures and the e ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ect on soil fertility in rice-wheat rotation on reclaimed sodic soil in India. J. Agric. Sci. 140, 161-168. Naeem, M., Iqbal, J. and Bakhsh, M.A.A. (2006). 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Alteration of water relations and yield of corn genotypes in response to drought stress. Bulgar. J. Plant Physiol. 29, 63-76. Cassman, K.G., 1999. Ecological intensi ¬Ã‚ cation of cereal production systems: yield potential, soil quality, and precision agriculture. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 96, 5952-5959. Reganold J P. 1995. Soil quality and profitability of biodynamic and conventional farming systems. American Journal of Alternative Agriculture, 10, 36-45. Conacher J, Conacher A. 1998. Organic farming and the environment, with particular reference to Australia. Biological Agriculture Horticulture, 16, 145-171. Zhou B Y, Yang Z J. 1992. Role and function of organic fertilizer in agro ecosystem. Chinese Journal of Ecology, 11, 53-55. Liu X L, Gao Z, Liu C S, Si L Z. 1996. Effect of combined application of organic manure and fertilizers on crop yield and soil fertility in a located experiment. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 33, 138-147. He D Y, Wang K R. 1989. Role and function of organic fertilizer in agroecosystem. Research of Agricultural Modernization, 10, 12-15. Bos C, Juillet B, Fouillet H, Turlan L, Dare S, Luengo C, N`tounda R, Benamouzig R Gausseres N, Tome D, Gaudichon C (2005) Postprandial metabolic utilization of wheat protein in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 81: 87-94. Salekdeh, G.H. and S. Komatsu. 2007. Crop proteomics: Aim at sustainable agriculture of tomorrow. Proteomics, 7: 2976-2996. Abril A, Baleani D, Casado-Murillo N, Noe L (2007) Effect of wheat crop fertilization on nitrogen dynamics and balance in the Humid Pampas, Argentina. Agric Ecosyst Environ 119: 171-176 Graham PH, Vance CP (2000) Nitrogen fixation in perspective: an overview of research and extension needs. Field Crops Res 65: 93- 106. Pimentel D (1996) Green Revolution and chemical hazards. Sci Total Environ 188: 86-98. Sharma, A.R. and B.N. Mittra, 1991. Effect of different rates of application of organic and nitrogen fertilizers in a rice-based cropping system. 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Summary statement from a meeting at the program on Food Security and Environment, Stanford, CA, held on June16-18, 2009. Lecoeur, A., Sinclair, G., 1996. Field pea transpiration and leaf growth in response to soil water de ¬Ã‚ cits. Crop Sci. 36, 331-335. Asseng, S., Ritchie, J.T., Smucker, A.J.M., Robertson, M.J., 1998. Root growth and water uptake during water de ¬Ã‚ cit and recovering in wheat. Plant Soil 201, 265-273. Zhang, J., Sui, X., Li, B., Su, B., Li, J., Zhou, D., 1998. An improved water-use ef ¬Ã‚ ciency for winter wheat grown under reduced irrigation. Field Crops Res. 59, 91-98. Ahmad, I., Abbasi, M.K., Rasool, G., 2002. Integrated plant nutrition system (IPNS) in wheat under rainfed conditions of Rawalakot Azad Jammu and Kashmir. Pak. J. Soil Sci. 21, 79-86. Sharma, P.K., Bhushan, L., 2001. Physical characterization of a soil amended with organic residues in a rice-wheat cropping system using a single value soil physical index. Soil Tillage Res. 60, 143-152. Stockdale, E.A., Shepherd,M.A., Fortune, S., Cuttle, S.P., 2002. Soil fertility in organic farming systems-fundamentally different? Soil Use Manage. 18, 301-308. Gooding, M.J., Davies, W.P., Thompson, A.J., Smith, S.P., 1993. The challenge of achieving breadmaking quality in organic and low input wheat in the UK-a review. Asp. Appl. Biol. 36, 189-198. Poutala,R.T.,Kuoppamaki,O.,Korva, J.,Varis, E., 1994. The performance of ecological, integrated and conventional nutrient management systems in cereal cropping in Finland. Field Crops Res. 37, 3-10. Woese, K., Lange, D., Boess, C., Bogl, K.W., 1997. A comparison of organically and conventionally foods-results of a review of the relevant literature. J. Sci. Food Agric. 74, 281-293. Dlouhy, J., 1981. Alternative forms of agriculture-quality of plant products from conventional and biodynamic growing. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Report 91, 147 pp Larsen, W.E. and C.E. Clapp. 1984. Inorganic Matter and Rice. IRRI , Manila, Philippines. Sarvanan, A., V. Velu and K.M. Ramanathan. 1987. Effect of combined application of bio-organic and chemical fertilizers on physicochemical properties, nitrogen transformation and yield of rice in submerged soils of Cauvery delta. Oryza 24:1-6. BARC (Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council). 1997. Fertilizer Recommendation Guide. Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council, Farmgate, Dhaka. Khan, S.K., S.K. Mohanty and A.B. Chalam 1986. Integrated management of organic manure and fertilizer nitrozen for rice. J. Indian Soc. Soil Sci. 34: 693-697. Jedidi N, Hassen A, Van Cleemput O, MHiri A (2004) Microbial biomass in a soil amended with different types of organic wastes. Waste Manag Res 22: 93-99. Odlare M, Pell M, Svensson K (2008) Changes in soil chemical and microbiological properties during 4 years of application of various organic residues. Waste Manag. 28: 1246-1253. Shen QR, Shen ZG (2001) Effects of pig manure and wheat straw on growth of mung bean seedlings grown in aluminium toxicity soil. Biores Tech 76: 235-240. Wells A, Chan K, Cornish P (2000) Comparison of conventional and alternative vegetable farming systems on the properties of a yellow earth in New South Wales. Agric Ecosyst Environ 80: 47-60. Asghar HN, Ishaq M, Zahir ZA, Khalid M, Arshad M (2006) Response of radish to integrated use of nitrogen fertilizer and recycled organic waste. Pak J Bot 38: 691-700. Sarwar G, Hussain N, Schmeisky H, Muhammad S (2007) Use of compost an environment friendly technology for enhancing rice-wheat production in Pakistan. Pak J Bot 39 (5): 1553-1558. Sarwar G, Hussain N, Schmeisky H, Muhammad S, Ibrahim M, Safdar E (2008) Improvement of soil physical and chemical properties with compost application in rice-wheat cropping system. Pak J Bot 40: 275-282. 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censorship :: essays research papers

Principles of Censorship in Singapore Administration of censorship in Singapore has been performed in a typically methodical manner with guidelines developed through experience.[8] First, materials going into the home are more heavily censored than those going into the corporate world. The Singapore authorities have drawn a distinction between information for business uses, which should be as free flowing as possible, and information for non-business uses. Information for the home is seen to be of a less critical nature so censorship of such information is regarded to have not as deleterious an effect. Second, materials for the young are more heavily censored than those for adults. This is an admittedly paternalistic principle of protecting the weaker members of society from the possible harm of the materials in question. Third, materials for public consumption are more heavily censored than those for private consumption. This is a corollary of the second principle as it is assumed that the public includes those who are "weaker." Also, regardless of the level of censorship those who are determined can always get their hands on them. Hence private consumption can only be policed to a limited extent. Further, it is more efficient to police public instead of private consumption. It should be noted that private consumption of censorship materials is still policed in that those found in private possession of censored materials can be convicted in court. Finally, materials deemed to have artistic and educational merit are less heavily censored. This is a recently articulated principle and has been applied to movies, which now have an R(A) or Restricted (Artistic) rating. In sum, censorship in Singapore has an element of differentiation: home vs. business, children vs. adults, public vs. private consumption. Further, materials that can be shown to have some tangible and wider benefit--such as for business, art and education--are censored with a much lighter hand. On the other hand, materials deemed to have less tangible benefit--such as "pure entertainment"-- are censored more heavily. To be sure, some of these principles come into conflict in the administration of censorship. The concession to artistic materials is an admission of one such conflict. On the Internet, however, the